Beaten, Perplexed but not Crashed: Informal Workers in the Face of COVID-19

Website Editor • July 31, 2020

Crises come, and crises go, but none has held the world at ransom like the COVID-19 pandemic. Global economies were endangered and some of the most advanced health care systems started to crumble. Experts have predicted a roll-back in some of the gains made towards gender equality as women worked day and night to uphold their societies without a care for themselves. In Uganda, panic shopping got the best of us. Now that the situation appears to be returning to normal, what if we asked you if you received the government posho and beans that was promised as relief food for vulnerable citizens? Hold that thought, what if we asked you whether for one moment during the lockdown, you stopped and thought about the plight of the woman who sells you fruits at the market, or the one selling roadside gonja, (roasted plantain) or even your boda guy? If you did not, relax, it is not something we will hold against you. We were all trying to survive a pandemic.


However, now, you can stop and think about the women in the informal sector – women who were further marginalized by the pandemic, women whose lives were threatened to the very core. We bring you stories of four women, from downtown Wandegeya who were kind enough to share their COVID-19 experiences with us, in the hope that action will be taken to make their situation better. These are stories of struggle and compromise, told amidst tears and sudden bouts of laughter, because they have nothing left to do about their situations. They hold hope close to their chests, envisioning a brighter future ahead as they continue to navigate the systems that have forgotten about them. 


Catherine


The burden of fending for the family consequently fell on me which meant that I had to think innovatively, in the middle of a pandemic.


My name is Catherine*. I come from Rukungiri but I live in Katanga and sell bananas on the street in Wandegeya. Before the lockdown was imposed, I had just restocked. The morning after the President’s address, I carried my bananas to Wandegeya and to my surprise, there were no cars. I had not listened to the address. I took my bananas back home and while we managed to eat some, the rest got rotten. Since my partner was also out of work, I could not get myself to ask him for the kameeza (money provided by male partner to look after the home) because I knew he did not have the money. The burden of fending for the family consequently fell on me which meant that I had to think innovatively, in the middle of a pandemic. For some time, we did not have enough food in the house and were forced to eat our little and hard-earned savings. After a while, we were able to receive the government food that was promised. We were relieved despite the fact that the food was of poor quality. Nonetheless, we were glad that we could put starving behind us.


In the midst of all this, the landlord was on our necks, demanding for rent. If we dared tell him that the president ordered for citizens not to be evicted, he asked if it was the president who built the houses. We had to pay in every possible way! Looking for alternative sources of income came with the risk of being accused of infidelity if I did not account for where I had obtained the money from. Some of my colleagues reported that their partners had turned to violence over similar issues. I noticed that domestic violence has been on the rise since the lockdown started. We tried and reported these cases to the village chairperson and women’s representative in vain. When they did not refer us to the police, they trivialized the matter as private and something to be settled confidentially between the two concerned parties. Where we succeeded in registering the case with the police, we would be asked for UGX20000 for them to carry out investigations. Where would we get this kind of money when we were struggling to put some food on our plates?


As the situation returns to normal, we are still struggling to get back to our feet. For some reason, we are not allowed to work. Between police and KCCA officials chasing us around, we are forced to work on the run. It is something we have gotten used to. When you spot them, you run away and return when they leave. I must do everything possible to take food back home at the end of the day. I cannot feed my children stories of the police grabbing my goods. The worst part about all this is that I am treated like an outcast in my own country. I pay my dues and yet I will not be allowed to sell my fruits on the street. Why would City Council agents treat me like an armed robber? Even before they treat me as such, why don’t they take time to find out why I work on the street, what situation has forced me to live that way before taking my hard earned money? If I could return to my village, I would. We have been forced to sell our property to pay these people so that they do not throw out our goods. I deserve better.


The worst part about all this is that I am treated like an outcast in my own country. I pay my dues and yet I will not be allowed to sell my fruits on the street. Why would City Council agents treat me like an armed robber?


In my opinion, it would have helped me better if the government gave me capital of say UGX100000 as opposed to handouts. We ate the 6kgs of posho and that was it, with the capital, I would have been able to start a new enterprise in response to the COVID-19 situation. The government also has the ability to support women’s groups and our investments to help us recover from the pandemic. At the moment, my biggest worry are my children. We do not know when schools will resume but when they do, school fees will be a major requirement. My dream has always been that my children will attain the level of education that I did not, and break that invisible curse over my people. What would make me extremely happy right now is if a good Samaritan came my way, I have heard of organisations that do so, and take that school fees burden off my chest. 


Amina


My name is Amina* and I live in Kanyanya but I sell food in Wandegeya, by the roadside under those umbrellas that you usually see. I am one of the leaders of the Wandegeya Women’s Cooperative Society. This situation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic has been doubly hard for me as a leader whom people constantly looked to for help and yet I had nothing to offer them either. At times, I managed to walk and go visit my members but it was shameful, to say the least, when I arrived empty-handed. People called me all the way from Nansana and Kyengera reporting that they had not received food and could not leave their homes not knowing that I did not know whom to ask for help either. When some of us approached the police, we were told that they (the police) had no authority over the food and were advised to go where the food was being distributed from. There, we were told to go to the Resident District Commissioner (RDC) who asked for letters from our Local Councils (LCs). When we took these, the RDC ridiculed us and told us that we were not the only people suffering and needed to be patient. The next time, we took seven women along with us and we were given just two bags of posho. Since people were almost starving, we conceded and took that. We had to live to face another day. Similarly, visiting health centres when one of us fell ill was a tug of war. We once walked to a health centre in Komamboga where we found long lines and left unattended to. 


At times, I managed to walk and go visit my members but it was shameful, to say the least, when I arrived empty-handed.


The food was finally delivered and we are grateful that the government came through regarding that promise. But even then, not all members received the food and those who did could not afford the charcoal (fuel) to prepare it. I would find children picking sticks off the road to be used as firewood. Some went into draining channels looking for this same firewood. Meanwhile, back home, because men were looking to women to provide for the needs of the home, and women were looking to men, scuffles usually ensued with most of the injured being women. Relatedly, for our members whose husbands were spending their entire days at home, most of whom living in one-roomed houses, cases of domestic violence were reported for example in the form of marital rape. If the men needed sex, it did not matter that the children were watching and in most cases, the women protested which ended in rape.


Speaking of violence, we have faced a lot of oppression in our pursuit of a livelihood during this COVID-19 period. Normally, we would have to deal with Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) law enforcers chasing us around and while they have behaved this time round, we have had to face opposition from the police. We were mistreated by police officers who raided our stalls and made away with our goods. Later, we would learn that they took these and distributed them among themselves. Dealing with the KCCA is much easier because even as they chase us around, they endeavor to respect us and handle us like human beings. This is because we had an opportunity to meet with their leadership and air out our grievances. The leaders advised us to take note of their uniforms' IDs and report them. Once they confiscated our goods and when we reported these to the Mayor, our property was returned. 


We were mistreated by police officers who raided our stalls and made away with our goods. Later, we would learn that they took these and distributed them among themselves.


Still on that, I wish that we did not have to pay bribes to be able to operate on the street. The situation is already hard as it is. While I understand that the KCCA license law is under review and will allow us to pay for a license to operate, it does not help our circumstances that the same KCCA agents demand for kitu kidogo (bribes) for us to keep our goods. We also come in search of what to eat. If I make UGX3000 in a day, that is what my children will eat. It is unfair for them to ask us to split it. As far as the savings group is concerned, at the moment, each member is looking at it as their means to recovery. Since the initiative was established only recently, membership is low and that means that savings gathered are minimal. Even with these, out of 70 members, about 30 are active yet each and everyone wants a share of the money. As a leader, how do I go about dividing these few funds among members? Our hope is that the government will look at the scheme as one to support and invest in. 


My other plea to the government is for it to prioritize the needs of omuntu wa wansi (marginalized citizens) in service delivery. We have been extremely affected, more than the people who had the security of a monthly salary. We lost all our income. We know that programs exist to help people like us but those initiatives do not reach us. If the government looked into that and investigated it, perhaps we would be in a better place. Since we continue to remain invisible, my request to development organisations and women’s rights organisations is for them to amplify our voices at policy level. If I wrote a letter to the President and forwarded it through an NGO, he would pay more attention than if I dared approach him on my own. We fear, we are intimidated. Some of the places we go to ask for bribes, with NGOs, I know my issue will be heard. That is all I need, a listening ear. 


Zaina


My name is Zaina* and I live and work in Wandegeya. I make katogo and sell it to passers-by. Sometimes, I sell oranges to supplement this. Well, this was all before, long before, the Coronavirus was declared a pandemic and we were forced to stay at home. At mine, the lockdown has been a depressing experience. It was imposed when I was sick and stuck in the house. My husband also lost his job and fell ill and as a result, we were two patients in the house. My legs hurt and I was unable to walk to the hospital which is quite far from where I live. This is an ailment I have nursed since October 2019. Back then, I could depend on handouts from my husband. My children were constantly hungry and it did not help that the neighbours always had something cooking outside. They were also not used to staying at home all day and reining them in has been a challenge. My landlord is always threatening to evict us for rent dues. Without a shilling in my pockets, I have nowhere to go. It is not like I can wake up and start trekking to my village with the curfew being enforced. 


Between that, starving and making sure my children are still able to attend school, I am at a loss for what to do. I am grateful that the government offered relief food despite the fact that it took ages to get to us, and when it did, it was not the best quality. The schools communicated that learning would continue over TVs and mobiles phones, however, I have no smartphone and my TV set was stolen a while back when I was at work. Two of the children are in Senior One while the other is Senior Two. I did try to find ways of making money here and there to be able to at least provide for food. I asked colleagues to spare a few of their goods for me to sell, perhaps I will return the favour in the future. I am grateful that some of them agreed and while I am able to make UGX2000 or UGX3000 a day, it is not sufficient. 


My landlord is always threatening to evict us for rent dues. Without a shilling in my pockets, I have nowhere to go. It is not like I can wake up and start trekking to my village with the curfew being enforced. 


A number of times I asked the children to go to the streets and sell our products and even then, they are interrupted by the police and KCCA law enforcers. When they were not chased to the ends of the earth, our goods were confiscated. The children had to run to safety or risk being bundled up with the goods onto a police truck. That is if they did not demand for money that we already lacked. The oppression continued even in the confines of our homes. We live in a slum where the only space I have in my house is where I will sit and put my feet. It is surprising then that the LDUs when enforcing the curfew expected us to cook inside the house. Once they found me seated outside and forced me to go in with a burning sigiri (charcoal stove). Besides the heat, it is because of God’s protection that I did not burn the house. 


The schools communicated that learning would continue over TVs and mobiles phones, however, I have no smartphone and my TV set was stolen a while back when I was at work.


If it had been up to me, I would have opted for capital instead of relief food from the government. I appreciate the endeavor but in my case, two bags of posho were damaged and when it came to the beans, I needed extra money for charcoal if they were to be well-cooked. The posho did not last a week. With capital, I would have made an investment and know that at the end of the day, all I had to spend was UGX2000 on pieces of matooke, (plantain) but with support for the next day. My situation was dire, it still is. I need all the help I can get. 


Sarah


My name is Sarah*. When I am not hawking fruits and vegetables on the street, I am back home in Soweto Zone, Wandegeya. I am one of the leaders of the Wandegeya Women’s Cooperative Society. Work on the streets has been a challenge during the lockdown. We have had to deal with City Council issues daily. Once, we were beaten by the police and our goods taken and shared amongst themselves yet we were social distancing, had our gloves and masks on and even carried jerry cans with soapy water. 


Some are not even real agents but simply conmen who prey on our fear of being arrested and end up extorting us.


We have constantly had to navigate LCs, police and City Council agents who have seemingly made it their life’s mission to oppress us. Some are not even real agents but simply conmen who prey on our fear of being arrested and end up extorting us. We have had to part with daily, weekly and monthly payments to be permitted to keep at our work, uninterrupted. Ask us why we do not oppose the payments and we will tell you it is because these agents will make our lives a living hell if we falter. Sometimes, we work in hiding to avoid paying these dues but rest assured that when you are discovered, you will pay up. 


We are attacked on the streets and in our homes. Members of our SACCO underwent a domestic violence training previously and have used their knowledge on reporting to report cases of abuse. We have seen an increase in the number of incidences reported. Since both women and men were not working, and children were also stuck at home, families could no longer tolerate each other. This resulted in multiple acts of violence especially against women and children. The areas where we live are communal and when women denied men sex, you would find community members cheering the man on instead of rescuing the woman, an act that promoted marital rape. When we brought such matters before the police, we were told those were domestic issues and needed to be dealt with at that level. 


Are we tired of being on the street? Yes. Are we tired of being beaten? Yes. But what to do, we have to survive. 


My dream is that our SACCO could raise some funds out of a business and out of the profits, allow us to set us proper referral pathways to support our members in such situations and further raise awareness amongst ourselves. That is one of the challenges we set it up to address. Seeing as COVID-19 has stopped us in our tracks, we have to deal with current issues first. What we want now is for our working hours to be extended so that we can sell our merchandise to the people who leave their offices late. Are we tired of being on the street? Yes. Are we tired of being beaten? Yes. But what to do, we have to survive. 


*Not real name



By samantha May 26, 2025
Periods are not shameful. They are not dirty, impure, or something to hide. And yet, for generations, we’ve been told otherwise. We’ve been taught to whisper, to conceal pads like contraband, to carry the weight of stigma in silence. That silence is not accidental, but a product of systems that have ignored, controlled, and shamed the bodies of women, girls, and people who menstruate at the cost of our dignity, health, education, and sense of self. At Femme Forte, we believe in breaking that silence. We believe that storytelling is a form of resistance. That saying this happened to me is both personal and political. That speaking openly about our first bleeds; the confusion, the fear, the pride, and the pain is a radical act. Every time we share our period stories without shame, we reclaim power. We tear down the walls of taboo. We remind the world that our bodies are not problems to fix, but lives to honor. Story 1: A Quiet Warning, A Loud Awakening I was 15 years old when I got my first period. It came suddenly, without warning, and turned an ordinary day into one I will never forget. I remember sitting in class, feeling a strange discomfort. When I went to the toilet and saw the blood, my heart dropped. Panic washed over me. I was scared, confused, and overwhelmed. I knew this day would come, but I was not prepared for that moment. In my home, periods were not openly talked about. My mum had once sat me down and said, “When you see your period, it means your body is ready. If you have sex now, you will get pregnant.” That sentence stayed with me. It felt like both a warning and a weight. When my period came, it didn’t feel like just a physical change. It felt like something deeper. I didn’t feel like a child anymore. I didn’t tell anyone at first. I was embarrassed and unsure. Was this normal? Was it too early? Too late? I didn’t know what to think. Eventually, I told my mum. She nodded and reminded me again to be careful. Her words were filled with love, but also a quiet fear. It was the kind of fear passed down from mother to daughter, generation to generation. It was about protection, but also about the unknowns of growing up as a girl. Looking back now, I wish I had prepared more. I wish we had talked more openly. My period was not something to fear. It meant I was healthy, human, and growing into a new stage of life. That day at 15 was the beginning of a journey. It started in fear, but over time, I replaced that fear with pride and strength. Story 2: A Rumor That Stung Deeper Than Cramps I got my first period when I was in Senior Two. It was a deeply traumatizing experience. I noticed blood while cleaning myself in the morning. Scared and confused, I couldn’t tell anyone. I had no access to sanitary pads, so I used toilet paper. I stayed out of class for three days, hiding in the toilet, trying to manage heavy bleeding and painful cramps. Eventually, I went to the school nurse. She treated me and told me it was a normal part of growing up. I started to feel a little safer. But then, everything changed again. Rumors spread around school that I had an abortion. I didn’t even understand what that meant. I had never been sexually active. The shame and confusion were unbearable. I felt exposed and judged. I hated that school so much that I asked my parents to transfer me. And they did. All I needed was information, support, and privacy. Instead, I got silence, shame, and false rumors. That first period left a scar that stayed with me for years. Story 3: A Piece of Cloth and a Lesson in Silence I was raised by a single mother. She worked long hours and was often gone early in the morning and back late at night. I got my first period at 11 years old, in Primary Five. My mother wasn’t home. I was with my sister, who was just a bit older than me. When I started bleeding, my sister gave me a piece of cloth. We didn’t have any pads. I was scared, but also lucky to have seen her use sanitary products before. She had explained a few things to me. School had also taught us a little about body changes. So, I understood what was happening, but I didn’t expect it to feel so painful or so emotional. When my mum came back, I told her. She didn’t say much. She sent my sister to buy pads and told me to stay clean and not stain my dress. She didn’t ask me how I felt. She didn’t hug me. I was left with so many questions. What were those clots? Why was the flow heavy some days and light on others? No one told me. Over time, I learned more from my sister and friends. She was the one who taught me to use painkillers. I became so afraid of staining that I started using layers of pads, cloth, and toilet paper, even though I later learned that wasn’t the best idea. It wasn’t until recently, in my current workplace, that I finally shared my first period story. After reading “What We’re Told Not to Talk About” by Nimko Ali and listening to heartbreaking stories from colleagues, I realized something important; periods should not feel painful, lonely, or shameful. But for too many of us, they still are. Story 4: Blood, Whispers, and Becoming I was in Primary Seven, in boarding school, when I got my first period. It was a normal morning, until I saw blood on my bed. I froze. I knew what it was, thanks to science class, but I still panicked. I didn’t know what to do. I pretended to be sick and stayed in bed. I wasn’t ready to face anyone. When the dorm emptied out, I told the matron. She helped me, but then she told some of the older girls. Maybe she thought they would support me. But instead, the whispers started. They told others. I saw the glances, the giggles, the quiet talk behind my back. What should have been a private moment became a public trial. I felt humiliated. I withdrew from everyone. That experience marked me. It wasn’t just about blood. It was about shame, silence, and being made to feel small during one of the biggest changes of my life. Now I know better. I know that periods are natural. What isn’t natural is the way we are made to feel about them. If my story makes one person feel less alone, then it’s worth telling. Story 5: Love, Confidence, and Valentine’s Day I got my first period on Valentine’s Day while I was at school. I was sitting in class when I felt something warm. My pants were wet. I asked to go to the washroom. When I checked, I saw the blood. I had started my period. Thanks to what I had learned about menstrual hygiene, I stayed calm. I went to the dormitory, cleaned up, and managed everything on my own. Later that day, I called my mother to wish her a Happy Valentine’s Day. I also told her about my period. She was so excited. She sent me one hundred thousand Ugandan shillings. That money felt like more than a gift. It felt like love. It felt like a celebration. My first period became a moment of joy, support, and confidence. And I will always remember it that way. Menstrual Hygiene Day (May 28) Menstrual Hygiene Day is observed every year on May 28 to raise awareness about the importance of good menstrual health and hygiene. The theme this year, “Together for a #PeriodFriendlyWorld,” calls for collective action to ensure that menstruation does not limit access to education, health, or opportunity. This message is especially urgent in Uganda, where over 1.2 million girls aged 12-18 face challenges related to menstrual hygiene management, according to the Ministry of Education and Sports. UNESCO also reports that menstruation is a leading cause of absenteeism among school-aged girls, with many missing up to 5 days of school each month due to inadequate facilities and resources. These statistics represent real lives and stories. Stories where a lack of support, supplies, or even basic knowledge can lead to shame, isolation, and missed opportunities. For many, especially young girls, access to information and education isn’t just helpful, it’s a lifeline. We want to hear from you. If you remember when your period first came, where you were, how it felt, and what it meant — tell us. Whether it was awkward, terrifying, empowering, or beautiful, your story matters. Send it to info@femmeforteug.org .
By samantha May 13, 2025
The recent announcement that the United States government intends to cut future funding to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), invoking the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, highlights an all-too-familiar and troubling reality
By samantha May 5, 2025
I once went to the Ggaba fish market on a rainy day and the road had turned into a soupy mess. If you have been there, I do not have to describe to you the sticky black earth that became glue for a laden bicycle, bringing it down and blocking a pathway. This forced people to make their way through a food stall and in particular, to jump over some matooke. A few women, foreigners, managed to do it but I was paralysed. After standing there for a moment, I asked the lady in the stall. ‘Can I jump?’ It was the sort of question a child asks when they know they shouldn’t do something but want an adult to absolve them. She said ‘Bwoba toli Muganda, buuka.’ If you are not a Muganda, jump. The culture says simply, ‘Do not jump over food.’ I found another way. Culture dictates what can and can’t be done. It guides and protects but it can also restrain. If a cultural norm could hold me back from crossing a path, imagine one standing against a woman’s ability to own land. In Uganda, few things are as prized as land. This makes its exchange and ownership almost sacred. When land is combined with women, the temperature rises across cultures. The words ‘Our culture says women do not own land.’ are often mentioned, leaving people throwing their hands up in defeat. And yet, it is no secret that families where women are alienated from land rights see a decline in everything from nutrition, household income and education levels for children. Women in Uganda can own land by buying it. However, without a strong financial base, the only other ways are through inheritance and marriage. Where women cannot inherit family land, marriage becomes an avenue. Should a woman be unable to inherit land from her husband or if she remains unmarried, her chances of owning land reduce even further. We cannot discuss land in Uganda without looking at the word ownership. In the pre-colonial times, a lot of the land was communally owned and it still is in many places. Whereas women didn’t have ownership, they could have user rights or access rights. They could farm on and construct on the land. This has remained the case today. I did a tour of 5 tribes in Uganda to get a reading of what the different cultures really say about women and land ownership. LUGBARA, THE TEREGU What culture used to say: As head of a family, a man can take a decision like selling his wife’s land without her permission. The advent of colonialism gave women of the Teregu tribe the semblance of a voice. Now they could report their errant husbands to the Local Councils and to the police. Enough husbands were imprisoned that it became a point of concern for the elders. Together with the chiefs, the elders sat down and put a curse in place to curb this practice. Should a woman ever report her husband to a civil court, she would suffer supernatural consequences. This is known as the Aruba practice. It was an effective deterrent and it became part of the culture. Unfortunately, since the men knew that they were insulated, it led to a repeat of the maltreatment women were reporting in the first place; including acts like selling land a woman had bought for herself with impunity. What culture says now: Fast forward to the 2000’s and once more the chiefs and elders sat down and scrutinized the situation and found it to be unfair to women. To make things more equitable, they decided to undo the curse that had tied women's hands. After some sacred rites, it was declared okay for a woman to report a man with no fear of harm befalling her. This means that it is no longer acceptable for a man to, for instance, sell his wife’s land without her consent. However, some people ignore the updated cultural edict, and choose to follow what was done in the colonial times. Their excuse is that ‘Our culture says…’. TOORO What ‘they’ say culture says : “Women are free to own land.” “We do not give women land.” Among the Batooro, there is equity. Still, others whisper that they do not give women land. This is an example of people modifying culture to serve their interests. What culture really says: Women in Tooro can and do own land and it can be attained through inheritance. Grandparents for instance can give land to either female or male grandchildren. This is however more respected when this gifting is documented or is mentioned publically. In the absence of that, males tend to be given higher consideration when land is being shared. Upon the passing of a father, it is not uncommon for the family home to be left to the widow and his daughters and not the sons. One daughter of Tooro mentioned that her late father has 3 heirs; 2 daughters and a son. All decisions about the estate are taken by the trio and this is not frowned upon customarily. I spoke to women who had themselves inherited land from their fathers and knew several others. While there are families who opt to only have male heirs and males owning land this is a personal choice and doesn’t appear to have cultural backing. Additionally, there is no social barrier should a woman wish to buy land. No one will ask her ‘where she got the money.’ Tooro culture today Marriage used to be the only avenue for women to get land but the thinking around marriage has changed, and this has in turn shifted the thinking around land rights. Some women do not marry, others freely end marriages they are unsatisfied with. This phenomenon has led parents to think about the future of their daughters. “It is no longer just about the boy, people have realized that when parents die, their girls suffer. And if your children suffer then you have not died peacefully,” said one mother. Today parents are taking steps to leave assets to both girls and boys and this is something that is respected in the culture. In addition, women are more enlightened and can ask questions when they are left out of land sharing. ACHOLI What culture says: Girls and women do not inherit family land. Mothers however are conduits for their children, specifically boy children to own land. In Acholi, as in many other places in Uganda, polygamy is a common practice. Here, a husband may allocate different portions of land to different wives. When Akello got married, her husband gave her land on which to raise their children. When he passed away, Akello retained that land and was able to build on it as well as grow crops and rear some animals. When her co-wife’s son, Ocen, tried to seize Akello’s land, she ran to the elders. They pointed to Ocen and said. ‘This is not your land. Your father gave your mother the other land, you should inherit that.’ At this point, the elders realised that mothers, despite not having full land rights themselves, were conduits for their children, specifically boy children, to own land. For this reason it was important to include women in the land conversation. Should a mother have only girls, their sons, her grandchildren would inherit that land. Once more, this made marriage a key area for a woman to gain stability. There was no consideration put in place for a woman should she leave her marriage. Some families however welcome women to return to the parental home should a marriage end or should their daughter become a widow. Culture today Benevolent fathers or brothers can offer daughters and sisters land user rights but there are limits to what she can do with the land. While this is one of the best case scenarios, having user rights alone is untenable. Women in this situation need to ask for permission to fully benefit from the land. They live in uncertainty because the owners can change their minds at will. Women across the country are encouraged to embrace user rights and perhaps use them to earn money to buy land they can own fully. Today, a father or mother in Acholi may decide to give their daughter land outright. And if she has the money, she may buy herself land. However, depending on the society she finds herself in, it might be easier for her to front a male as the buyer and secretly own the land. In the recent past, the certificate of customary ownership has become popularised. It allowed all family members/owners, without excluding the women, to be documented. Despite this, some families have chosen to go against it and not include women. A saying in Acholi is cited “Ceere pat pat”, literally meaning; “Even though we are one tribe, what happens on that hill isn’t normal to this one.” For instance; Just because you choose to give your daughters land, doesn’t mean I should do the same. BUGANDA What ‘they’ say culture sa ys: “In our culture, a woman does not inherit land. In our culture, a woman does not inherit her husband’s land. It can only be inherited by their children. In the absence of said children, the land reverts to the man’s larger family.” What culture says: Traditionally, neither men nor women owned land, all land belonged to the Kabaka. Instead, they had user rights. With colonialism came private land ownership and for reasons of society and economics, it was men who were primed to take advantage of this. However, no law barred them from giving land to their daughters and some did, allowing women to own land outright. Women could also inherit land from their other relatives. Prior to that, a woman could also gain land user rights through marriage. These rights were predicated on the husband’s life. Upon his death, her brothers would come to take her back to her family of birth. However, it was important that her children who are considered to be of the father’s clan be taken to their father’s people. If the widow did not remarry, or if a daughter had never married, she would stay on her father’s or brother's land and would have land user rights until her death. It was generally understood that women should not be dispossessed. When it came to inheritance, a man would have 2 heirs, a male and a female co-heir called the Lubuga. This could be a sister or niece and the two worked hand in hand. Likewise, a woman would have 2 heirs. The advent of colonialism and western religions undermined the existence of the Lubuga for men, greatly exalting the primary male heir. It is also important to note that Baganda can make a distinction between heirship. Omusika owomusayi (of the blood line) and Omusika ow’ebintu (an heir to the property). Omusika owomusayi stands in the place of the deceased and takes over their responsibilities. For instance, the musika for a father would perform the duties of the father, essentially becoming a father to the late’s children. However, omusika ow’ebintu, of the property, including land, can be either male or female, especially in more modern times. In Buganda today, a woman can inherit land from her father, her mother, her relatives, her husband and she may buy land for herself. I found some parents who prefer that daughters inherit the family property. They feel that girls take better care of property and are deemed more sentimental to their parents’ legacy. BAGWERE What culture said: T here isn’t a well-documented literature of the Bagwere culture and traditional perspective so some norms were borrowed. But when it comes to land ownership, customarily, daughters were not given a share of land. Women owned land by buying it or via marriage. The latter is a major reason why daughters were not catered for in family land sharing. There was a belief that she would be taken care of by her husband and that if she was given land, she would take away what was considered one family’s wealth and give it to another. This belief cuts across all the tribes I interacted with. However in reality, across all tribes, women would actually not get land from their husbands, the land was reserved for their male children, if at all. Among the Bagwere, a widow was entitled to a share of her late husband’s land to do with as she pleased but it is unclear if she had full ownership rights. If a marriage ended, her father or the head of the family might give her land to live on but this was and is not mandatory. What culture says now: Then as now, there were cases where a family head gave land to his daughters. The culture has evolved its thinking to the point that now daughters can be installed as heirs for their fathers. However, the heir is not meant to sell the land but keep it for family use. The same applies even if the heir is male. Barring any of the above, in some families, girls are assertive enough to stand up and demand for a share if they are left out in family land distribution. In researching this story, I found culture to be like an endless onion. One layer reveals another and another and another. It was impossible to condense it. However, there were 3 stand outs: The first being that culture is not static. As with the Lugbara, it can shift to solve an issue and shift again to solve yet another one. I learnt that by and large, people will do what makes them most comfortable, physically and psychologically. Some people will look at culture and choose not to follow it…they will say, ‘I know our culture thinks I should not, but I will give my daughter this land.’ Others will say, ‘Culture says I should let my brothers’ widow retain his property but I will not.’ Second, I learnt that because our cultures are not well documented and are passed on orally there is room for distortion. But to that point, unlike the western legal system we inherited, cultural landmarks are not laws that one will be punished by. Just like at the Ggaba market, no one was there to arrest me if I skipped over the food, but I could not do it. Lastly, I learnt that culture is an ongoing conversation. By virtue of people being representatives of culture, it means that culture is alive and living things change. So is culture to blame for women’s land disenfranchisement? You be the judge. This story was written by Anne Kirya and supported by the FOTEA and OXFAM Stories4Change program. Illustrations by Shem Kamba. It was written in consultation with people from different cultures; mothers, fathers, grandparents, grandchildren, elders, sons and daughters. Adomati Aldo, Maria Ndagire Kirya, Richard Kirya, Kamba Saleh, Mrs. Nyakana, Kenyana Anne, Christina Kaijabwangu Ebinu , Sunday Akumu, Jimmy Ochom, and David F.K Mpanga.
By samantha April 29, 2025
The interplay between civil society and technology in Uganda's electoral context presents both challenges and opportunities. As the 2026 elections approach, it is imperative for stakeholders to collaborate in fostering a digital environment that promotes transparency, inclusivity, and democratic participation while safeguarding against potential abuses of power. Through concerted efforts, Uganda can harness the potential of technology to strengthen its democratic processes and civic engagement. Think about it, as Uganda approaches its 2026 general elections, the intersection of civil society and technology has become increasingly significant. Civil society organizations (CSOs) are now more than ever leveraging digital tools to enhance civic engagement, promote transparency, and advocate for democratic reforms. Simultaneously, the government's approach to digital regulation and surveillance has raised concerns about the balance between national security and civil liberties. Let’s together explore the evolving landscape of civil society and technology in Uganda, highlighting key developments, challenges, and opportunities as the nation prepares for its next electoral cycle. We shall dive right into the various digital initiatives contributing to conscientization of citizens and holding government accountable. Ugandan civil society has embraced technology to foster greater citizen participation and governmental accountability. Some notable initiatives include: Parliament Watch Uganda: this platform monitors parliamentary proceedings and disseminates information to the public, enhancing legislative transparency. The Citizen Report : By promoting a civically engaged public, The Citizen Report aims to cultivate well-informed communities where both leadership and citizens are equipped with knowledge of their responsibilities to each other and their society. U-Report: Launched by UNICEF Uganda in 2011, U-Report is a mobile-based platform that engages youth in national dialogues through SMS polls on various social issues. Women of Uganda Network (WOUGNET): Established in 2000, WOUGNET empowers women through ICTs, focusing on digital literacy, online safety, and advocacy against online gender-based violence. Among many other initiatives, and now with the increased usage of social media and all her platforms, society has been provided with alternative spaces for discourse, especially among the youth, who constitute a significant portion of the population. Social media platforms like Tik Tok, Facebook, Twitter (now X), and WhatsApp have become vital tools for political mobilization and civic engagement in Uganda. These platforms have been instrumental in organizing protests, sharing information, and fostering community discussions on governance and human rights, social media has become a civic space! Social Media Regulation The Ugandan government has announced plans to regulate social media ahead of the 2026 elections, citing concerns over misinformation and national security. Dr. Chris Baryomunsi, Minister of ICT and National Guidance, stated that new policies and technologies would be introduced to monitor and control digital communication platforms. While the government asserts that these measures aim to prevent the spread of false information, critics argue that such regulations could suppress freedom of expression and silence dissenting voices. The Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) also plans to acquire advanced digital monitoring technologies, including AI-powered tools, to filter harmful content online. These systems are expected to identify hate speech, incitement, and misinformation, with capabilities for real-time monitoring of high-traffic social media channels. While the government emphasizes user safety, civil society groups express concerns about potential overreach and infringement on digital rights. That’s not all. The Electoral Commission of Uganda is already facing challenges in implementing a mandatory biometric voter system for the 2026 elections. Issues include low participation in voter register updates, technical and logistical hurdles, and concerns about potential voter disenfranchisement. Experts warn that without adequate preparation and voter education, significant portions of the electorate could be excluded from the voting process. So what does all this mean for civic space and organizing? Civil society organizations must advocate for expanded public consultation and transparency in the implementation of biometric systems. They ought to emphasize the need for inclusive processes that consider the technical, financial, and social implications of such technologies to ensure electoral integrity and public trust. It is very clear that the government's efforts to regulate digital spaces raise critical questions about balancing national security with individual freedoms. While combating misinformation is essential, it is equally important to safeguard freedom of expression and prevent the misuse of surveillance tools for political repression, but at what and whose cost ? There is a pressing need to enhance digital literacy among citizens to navigate the complexities of the digital information landscape. Civil society can play a pivotal role in educating the public about digital rights, online safety, and critical evaluation of information sources, as they already have been doing - so why does the journey seem far from ending? While this dance takes shape and everyone slowly finds their footing, let us all be reminded that ensuring safe and practical technological advancements in the electoral process with inclusivity is vital. Special attention should be given to marginalized groups, including women, rural populations, and persons with disabilities, to prevent digital divides from exacerbating existing inequalities. And while all that is happening, will technology save us this election cycle or make things worse? Think about it! Article by Penelope Sanyu
By samantha April 24, 2025
In the hills of Mbale, a foreign company builds a factory. The community loses its water source. In Kampala, a social enterprise struggles to scale because funding only follows profit. The pattern is clear: capital is flowing, but impact is not. In Uganda, investment is not new. Capital has always found fertile ground here. But the question is no longer whether we are attracting investment. It’s whether the investments we attract are building communities, or simply extracting from them. Impact investment offers an alternative; a model that marries financial return with measurable social and environmental outcomes. Yet in our local context, where traditional investment models still reign supreme, this approach remains misunderstood, underutilized, and sometimes outright ignored. Traditional investments in Uganda concentrate in high-return sectors that often benefit the few at the expense of the many. Real estate and construction have transformed Kampala’s skyline, but these developments frequently exclude low-income communities and drive up the cost of living. In extractive industries like oil, gas, and mining, profit margins soar while the communities closest to these resource zones are displaced, under-compensated, and left worse off than before. Large-scale commercial agriculture has expanded, often through foreign direct investment, but local farmers are pushed to the margins. Land grabbing, loss of biodiversity, and exploitative labor practices are recurring themes. Meanwhile, microfinance institutions and traditional banks lend at high interest rates, trapping borrowers in cycles of debt. Import-driven trade, though profitable, does little to empower local industries, and infrastructure deals under public-private partnerships often prioritize returns for the private sector over access and affordability for citizens. The result? A lopsided development trajectory: profitable on paper, extractive in practice. Impact investment disrupts that narrative. It is not philanthropy dressed as finance; it is intentional capital that asks harder questions. Can we generate returns while reducing maternal mortality? Build solar grids that deliver both power and profit? Empower women entrepreneurs and still grow the bottom line? Globally, the impact investment movement is expanding. From climate-smart agriculture in India to affordable housing in Latin America, investors are realizing that doing good does not have to come at the expense of doing well. But in Uganda, this ecosystem is still young. Awareness is low. Platforms for social entrepreneurs are few. Incentives for community-aligned investing are even fewer. And yet the need has never been greater. Uganda has one of the youngest populations in the world. Youth unemployment, gender inequality, and the climate crisis are not just development challenges, they are investment opportunities waiting to be redefined. Social enterprises are emerging, civil society organizations are innovating at the grassroots level, and women are leading informal businesses with grit and grace.
By samantha April 22, 2025
When we hear the word “wellness,” images of green juices, yoga mats, and solo getaways often come to mind. But for African women, wellness is something much deeper. It’s not just about spa days or self-help books. It’s about survival, liberation, and creating space to breathe in a world that rarely pauses for us. Wellness, for many African women, is an act of resistance. It means fighting for access; to quality healthcare, mental health support, reproductive services, and safe maternal care. Far too often, we carry the emotional, physical, and financial load for our families and communities, with little support in return. Prioritizing our health is not a trend. It’s a radical claim to our right to exist fully and freely. Economic stability is not just a pillar of wellness. It’s a foundation for freedom. The ability to earn a living, own property, and make independent financial decisions gives African women the power to build lives on their own terms. It’s about more than survival. It’s about agency. With economic autonomy comes the capacity to prioritize health, escape cycles of exploitation, and invest in personal and generational growth. It’s a kind of security that strengthens not just the body, but the mind and spirit too. And rest? It’s essential. We’re often celebrated for being strong, but strength without softness leads to burnout. The “strong Black woman” trope may sound empowering, but it can also be isolating. True wellness is about giving ourselves permission to stop, to heal, and to feel joy without guilt. It’s about choosing rest as a form of resistance and joy as a form of healing. At the heart of it, wellness for African women is about wholeness. Physically. Mentally. Financially. Spiritually. It’s about dismantling the systems that keep us in survival mode and building communities where we are seen, supported, and celebrated. We deserve more than survival. We deserve to thrive. By Hellena Sakisa
By samantha March 11, 2025
On March 7, 2025, we gathered for a moment that was both historic and deeply personal—the launch of the Virtual Museum of African Feminists. This museum is more than a digital archive; it is a testament to the resilience, brilliance, and activism of African feminists throughout history. At the heart of this moment was Penelope Sanyu, the Chief Steward of Femme Forte Uganda, whose powerful speech captured the spirit of the museum and the movement it represents. Her words reminded us why this space is necessary, why our stories matter, and why we must continue to fight for visibility, justice, and liberation.
By samantha March 4, 2025
A Museum that Feels Like Home - By Penelope Sanyu
By samantha February 7, 2025
Kampala, Uganda - February 2025 Femme Forte Uganda is thrilled to announce the launch of Her Virtual Museum of African Feminists, a groundbreaking digital platform dedicated to honoring the legacies of feminist icons across Africa. The museum, set to be unveiled on March 7, 2025, ahead of International Women’s Day, stands as a tribute to the sheroes who, in many ways have and continue to pave the way for gender justice and a more equitable society. Rooted in the wisdom and resilience of siblings who came before us, this museum is a space to celebrate movement wins, amplify feminist narratives, and collectively build upon the foundations of liberation laid by African feminists throughout history. Rather than merely drawing inspiration from existing frameworks, the initiative recognizes the urgent need to create alternative feminist knowledges, ones that center African art, realities, experiences, power, and radical imaginations. Initially conceived as a data bank of African feminist icons and their work, this gift has evolved into a virtual museum to provide an interactive, engaging, and immersive experience. “This museum is more than a digital archive; it is a living, breathing testament to the power of African feminist’s past, present and future,” said Penelope Sanyu, Chief Steward at Femme Forte. “By curating these stories, we not only honor our sheroes but also commit to expanding and strengthening feminist and allied movements that love and support women.” Key Features of the Virtual Museum: Interactive exhibits: Engaging storytelling through multimedia presentations on African feminists and their contributions. Educational resources: Curated materials for students, educators, and activists to deepen their understanding of African feminist movements. Accessible design: Ensuring inclusivity and seamless engagement for a global audience. Why Launch Before International Women’s Day? The timing of the launch is strategic, aligning with International Women’s Day to spotlight the importance of inclusion and feminist leadership. The museum represents Femme Forte’s offering to the broader feminist movement, a digital archive preserving the contributions of African feminists for future generations. Launching a day before International Women’s Day 2025, the museum is Femme Forte’s contribution to the global feminist movement. It serves as a digital monument to the legacies of African feminists, ensuring their contributions are preserved, celebrated, and serve as a catalyst for future generations of changemakers. The Virtual Museum of African Feminists will be accessible online at https://bit.ly/3DOCVNv . About Femme Forte Femme Forte is a feminist organization dedicated to movement building by championing body rights and integrity, economic inclusion, and transformative feminist leadership in Uganda. Through advocacy, education, and innovation, Femme Forte strengthens intergenerational pathways between young and older feminists who aspire to contribute meaningfully to the broader women’s movement in Uganda and beyond.
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